Haka kuma cutar ta annoba, wanda ɗayan bil'adama ya yi karo fiye da 1,500 da suka wuce, a baya ya haifar da annobar cutar da yawa, ya dauki dubban dubban rayuka. Tarihin ba ya san karin kamuwa da rashin lafiya da lalacewa, har zuwa yanzu, duk da ci gaba da maganin, ba zai yiwu ba har abada.
Mene ne annoba?
Tashin hankali shine cututtuka a cikin mutane, wanda yake daga cikin yanayin da ke da magungunan yanayi, a lokuta da dama ya ƙare a sakamakon ƙarshe. Wannan wata cuta ce mai mahimmanci, kuma mai yiwuwa ne a duniya. Bayan da aka canzawa da kuma warkar da cutar, ba a kafa rigakafi ba, wato, akwai hadari na sake kamuwa da cutar (amma karo na biyu cutar ta fi sauƙi).
Ba a kafa ainihin asalin cutar ba, yayin da kalmar "annoba" a fassarar daga Baturke yana nufin "zagaye, maƙalaƙi", daga Girkanci - "shaft", daga Latin - "buga, rauni". A cikin duniyoyin kimiyya na zamani da zamani, wanda zai iya samo irin wannan ma'ana kamar cutar annoba. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa daya daga cikin alamomin bayyanar cutar ita ce bubo - yunkuri mai ban tsoro a fannin ƙumbadar ƙwayar lymph . A wannan yanayin, akwai wasu nau'i na kamuwa da cuta, ba tare da kafa buboes ba.
Annoba ita ce wakili
Domin dogon lokaci ba a bayyana abin da yake haifar da annoba ba, wanda aka gano kuma yana da alaka da cutar kawai a ƙarshen karni na XIX. Sun kasance sun zama kwayar cuta mai cutarwa daga iyalin enterobacteria - plaque (Yersinia pestis). An fara nazarin magungunan, an saukar da takunkumi da yawa kuma an kafa wadannan siffofin:
- zai iya samun nau'i daban-daban - daga ma'amala zuwa spherical;
- Tsayawa na tsawon lokaci na yin amfani da shi a cikin raunin mutane marasa lafiya;
- dacewa mai kyau na rashin yanayin zafi, daskarewa;
- ƙwararraki ga masu kamuwa da cuta, hasken rana, haɓakar ruwa na yanayi, yanayin zafi;
- yana dauke da nau'in antigenic talatin, ɓoye-bayanan da kuma exotoxins.
Cutar - hanyoyi na shiga cikin kwayoyin jikin mutum
Yana da muhimmanci a san yadda ake daukar annoba daga mutum zuwa mutum, da kuma daga sauran halittu masu rai. Plagiarum yana yaduwa a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta na cututtukan kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin masu sarƙaƙan dabbobi, wanda ya haɗa da bishiyoyin daji (squirrels, groundhogs, voles), rawaya da baki baki, mice gida, cats, lagiformes, raƙuma. Masu sufurin (spreaders) na pathogens sune tsuntsaye daban-daban da iri-iri daban-daban wadanda suka kamu da cutar tare da wakili mai laushi lokacin da aka ciyar da su zuwa marasa lafiya marasa ciwon da ke cikin jini.
Yada bambancin watsawar pathogen ta hanyar fashe daga masu suturta dabba ga mutane kuma daga mutum zuwa mutum. Mun lissafa hanyoyin da za mu iya shigar da annoba cikin jikin mutum:
- Mai yiwuwa - shiga cikin jini bayan ciwo na kwari mai cutar.
- Tuntuɓi - a kan hulɗa da mutumin da ke da fata ko mucous membranes na microtrauma, tare da jikin dabbobi masu cutar (alal misali, lokacin da cututtuka, kayan ɓoyewa).
- Almentary - ta hanyar mucosa na gastrointestinal fili a lokacin da cin nama na marasa lafiya dabbobi da cewa ba su sha wahala isa zafi, ko wasu samfurori.
- Saduwa da iyali - a taɓawar wani mutum mai rashin lafiya, tuntuɓa tare da ruwaye na halittu, ta yin amfani da jita-jita, kayan tsabta na mutum da sauransu.
- Aerosol ne daga mutum zuwa mutum ta hanyar mucous membranes na sashin jiki na numfashi lokacin da kawu, sneezing, kusa tattaunawa.
Gwagwarmaya - bayyanar cututtuka a cikin mutane
Daga wurin gabatarwar pathogen ya dogara da irin nau'in cutar za ta ci gaba, tare da lalatawar gabobin, da abin da aka nuna. Wadannan mahimman siffofin annobar mutum sun fito ne:
- bubonic;
- akidar;
- sarari;
- na hanji.
Bugu da ƙari, akwai irin wadannan siffofin cututtuka kamar fata, pharyngeal, meningeal, asymptomatic, abortive. Kwayar annoba tana da tsawon lokaci zuwa kwanaki 3 zuwa 6, wani lokacin 1-2 days (tare da filayen farko ko na bakwai) ko kwanaki 7-9 (a cikin maganin alurar riga kafi ko marasa lafiya). Don duk siffofin suna bayyana da kwatsam ta farko da tsananin bayyanar cututtuka da ciwo na maye, bayyanar da wadannan:
- high jiki zazzabi;
- launi;
- ciwon kai;
- zafi na musculo-articular;
- Nausea;
- vomiting;
- karfi karfi.
Yayin da cutar ta tasowa, bayyanar mai sauye-sauye ya canza: fuskar ta zama mai tausayi, tsinkaye, launin idanu ya juya, laushi da harshe sun bushe, duhu suna fitowa a karkashin idanu, fuska yana nuna tsoro, tsoro ("annoba mask"). A nan gaba, mai haƙuri yana damuwa ta hanyar sani, maganganun ya zama ba bisa ka'ida ba, daidaituwa na ƙungiyoyi suna damuwa, ɓarna da hallucinations sun bayyana. Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan raunuka suna ci gaba, dangane da irin annoba.
Bubonic annoba - da bayyanar cututtuka
Statistics nuna cewa annobar annoba ne mafi yawan na kowa irin cuta da cewa tasowa cikin 80% daga waɗanda cutar ta hanyar shiga cikin pathogen ta hanyar mucous membranes da fata. A wannan yanayin, kamuwa da cuta ta yadawa ta hanyar kwayoyin lymphatic, yana haifar da lalacewa ga ƙwayoyin lymph na inguinal, a cikin mawuyacin hali - axillary ko cervical. Sakamakon buboes guda daya ne da yawa, girman su zai iya bambanta daga 3 zuwa 10 cm, kuma a cikin ci gaba sukan saukowa ta hanyoyi daban-daban:
- haɓakawa, ƙwaƙwalwa da kuma ciwon ƙananan ƙwayar lymph - kamar 'yan kwanaki bayan farawar ciwo na shan giya (a cikin annobar hoto - bubonic a cikin wani mai haƙuri tare da bugu na intuinal);
- salbo na bubo - ranar 4 na cutar;
- kwaskwarima ba tare da bata lokaci ba, samuwar ulcer ko wani sashin necrosis - ranar 10th annoba.
Ƙari na jini
An gano wannan nau'in a cikin 5-10% na marasa lafiya, tare da cutar annoba ta tashi bayan kamuwa da aerogenic (firamare) ko a matsayin nau'in siffar kumfa (sakandare). Wannan shi ne mafi haɗari iri-iri, da kuma alamun alamun annoba a cikin mutane a cikin wannan yanayin ana lura kamar a rana 2-3, bayan da farko na m maye gurbi. Mai wakiliyar da zai iya shafar ganuwar alveoli na huhu, haifar da samfurin necrotic. Bayyanai masu rarraba sune:
- numfashi mai sauri, gajeren numfashi;
- tari;
- sputum fitarwa - da farko frothy, m, sa'an nan - tare da jini jini;
- zafi a cikin kirji;
- tachycardia;
- sauke cikin karfin jini.
Harshen sakonni na annoba
Nau'in annoba ta farko na annoba, wadda take tasowa lokacin da kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta suka shiga cikin jini, yana da wuya, amma yana da wuyar gaske. Alamar magungunan sun nuna azumi, kamar yadda pathogen ya yada cikin dukkanin gabobin. Akwai matsala masu yawa a cikin fata da kuma kyallen mucous, conjunctiva, na hanji da kuma zubar da jini na kodadde, da ci gaba da bunkasa ciwon haɗari masu guba . Wasu lokuta wannan nau'i ya samo asali ne na sauran annoba, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar kafa wasu buboes.
Tsarin intestinal annoba
Ba duk masu kwararru ba su bambanta nau'i na annoba daban daban, suna kula da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin bayyanar da fom din. Lokacin da annoba na hanzari ya taso da alamun cutar a cikin mutanen da ke fama da ciwon sukari da zazzaɓi, an rubuta wadannan:
- ciwo na ciki;
- vomiting jini mai yawa;
- cututtuka tare da masu tsabtace mucocutaneous;
- Tenesmus - mai zafi ne da ya bukaci ya ɓoye hanji.
Ciwo - Sanin asali
Muhimmiyar rawa da aka gano ta hanyar ganewar asali na gwagwarmaya na gwagwarmaya "," wadda aka gudanar ta hanyar waɗannan hanyoyin:
- serological;
- bacteriological;
- microscopic.
Domin nazarin ya dauki jini, fashewa daga buboes, rabuwa masu rarraba, phlegm, rabuwa oropharynx, vomit. Don bincika kasancewa na pathogen, za'a iya bunkasa kayan da aka zaɓa a kan kafofin watsa labaru na musamman. Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da X-ray na ƙwayoyin lymph da huhu. Yana da muhimmanci a tabbatar da gaskiyar ƙwayar kwari, tuntuɓar dabbobi marasa lafiya ko mutane, ziyarci ƙananan yanayi don annoba.
Ciwo - magani
Idan ana zargin mutum ko kuma ana bincikar ilimin likita, an ba da haƙuri a asibiti a wani asibiti mai kwakwalwa a cikin akwatin da aka ware, daga wanda aka fitar da iska mai sauƙi. Yin maganin annoba a cikin mutane yana dogara ne akan waɗannan ayyukan:
- karɓar maganin rigakafi, dangane da irin wannan cuta ( Levomycetin , Tetracycline, Streptomycin);
- detoxication far (Albumin, Reopoliglyukin, Gemodez);
- amfani da kwayoyi don inganta microcirculation da gyara (Trental, Solcoseryl , Pikamilon);
- antipyretic da bayyanar cututtuka;
- maganin farfadowa (bitamin, cututtukan zuciya);
- plasmapheresis - tare da ciwon sikila.
Yayin da zafin zazzaɓi dole ne mai haƙuri ya yarda da kwanciyar gado. Ana gudanar da maganin antibiotic na tsawon kwanaki 7-14, bayan da aka sanya nazarin binciken kwayoyin halitta. An dakatar da masu haƙuri bayan kammala dawowa, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar karɓar sakamakon sakamako uku. Nasarar jiyya ya dogara ne da tsinkaya akan lokacin da aka gano annobar.
Matakan da za su hana cutar a jikin mutum
Don hana yaduwar kamuwa da cuta, ba a aiwatar da matakai na musamman ba, ciki har da:
- nazarin bayanin game da annobar annoba a kasashe daban-daban;
- ganewa, rarrabewa da kuma kula da mutane da ake kira pathology;
- Rashin ƙarancin safarar sufuri ya zo daga yankunan da ba su dysfunctional dangane da annoba.
Bugu da ƙari, ana gudanar da aikin kullum a cikin ƙwayar cuta na halitta: la'akari da adadin namun daji, bincike akan su don gano kwayoyin annoba, lalata masu kamuwa da cutar, yakin basasa. A cikin ganewa ko da wani mai haƙuri a cikin wani tsari, ana aiwatar da irin wadannan matakan da ke faruwa na cutar ta hanyar:
- da shigar da kariya ta hanyar haramtacciyar shigarwa da fita daga mutane na kwanaki da yawa;
- rabu da mutanen da ke da alaƙa da marasa lafiya marasa lafiya;
- disinfection a cikin foci na cutar.
Mutanen da suke cikin maganin annoba marasa lafiya, don dalilai masu guba, an yi amfani da kwayar cutar maganin annoba tare da maganin rigakafi. Alurar rigakafi da annoba ga mutum mai maganin cutar cutar annoba an saka shi a cikin waɗannan lokuta:
- a lokacin da yake cikin ƙwayar cuta na kamuwa da cuta ko a cikin fitowa zuwa wani yanki dysfunctional;
- a aiki, hade da yiwuwar ɗaukar hoto zuwa magunguna na kamuwa da cuta;
- a lokacin da akwai kamuwa da ƙwayar cuta a tsakanin dabbobin da ke kusa da ƙauyuka.
Gwagwarmaya - kididdigar cututtuka
Na gode da ci gaba da maganin da kuma kula da matakan da ke faruwa a cikin ƙasa, cutar rashin lafiya ta yadu sosai. A zamanin d ¯ a, lokacin da babu wani magani da aka kirkiro don wannan kamuwa da cutar, mace ta kasance kusan kashi dari. Yanzu wadannan siffofin ba su wuce 5-10% ba. A lokaci guda, yawan mutane suka mutu daga annoba a duniya a cikin 'yan kwanan nan, ba za su iya damu ba.
Cutar cikin tarihin 'yan adam
Abun da ke cikin tarihin 'yan adam ya bar abubuwan da suka faru. Mafi yadu shine irin wannan annoba:
- "Mutuwar Justinian" (551-580 gg.), Wanda ya fara ne a Misira, inda fiye da mutane miliyan 100 suka mutu;
- annoba na "mutuwar fata" (XIV karni) a Turai, ya kawo daga Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda ya kai kimanin miliyan 40;
- annoba a Rasha (1654-1655 gg.) - game da mutuwar 700,000;
- annoba a Marseilles (1720-1722) - mutane dubu 100 sun mutu;
- wani annoba na annoba (karshen karni na XIX) a Asiya - fiye da mutane miliyan 5 sun mutu.
Cutar a zamaninmu
Bubonic annoba a zamanin yau yana faruwa a dukan nahiyoyi, sai dai Australia da Antarctica. A tsawon lokaci daga 2010 zuwa 2015, an gano cutar fiye da 3,000, yayin da aka gano sakamakon mutuwa a 584. Yawancin lokuta an rajista a Madagascar (fiye da dubu biyu). An gano annobar annoba a kasashe kamar Bolivia, Amurka, Peru, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Rasha da sauransu. Tsayawa ga yankunan annoba na Rasha sune: Altai, Eastern Urals, Stavropol, Transbaikalia, Caspian lowland.