Hanyar sadarwa, a gaskiya, yana da dukan rayuwan mu, domin, a matsayin zamantakewa, ba tare da sadarwa ba, ba zamu iya shirya akalla wasu irin ayyukan ba. Wannan sabon abu ne ya jawo hankali, da masana falsafanci na zamanin duniyar, da masana kimiyyar zamani. Har zuwa yanzu, babu wani tsari na tsarin tsarin hulɗar interpersonal da sadarwa, amma za mu rufe nau'in jinsunan da suka fi kowa.
An rarraba sadarwa zuwa tsari don taimakawa bincike don kowane nau'i, kuma don daidaita su.
A cikin tsarin, ayyuka da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa, matakai daban-daban sun bambanta:
- musayar bayani - sadarwa;
- musayar ayyukan - hulɗa;
- fahimtar abokin tarayya - fahimtar jama'a.
A cikin ilimin kwakwalwa, ana duban takamaiman wadannan matakai a hanyar hanyar hulɗar tsakanin mutum da al'umma, yayin da zamantakewar al'umma ya ɗauki amfani da sadarwa a cikin ayyukan zamantakewa.
Bugu da ƙari, wasu lokuta masu bincike suna yin uku a cikin tsarin tunanin ayyukan sadarwa:
- bayanai da sadarwa;
- daidaitawa da sadarwa;
- m-sadarwa.
Hakika, a cikin hanyar sadarwa, dukkan waɗannan ayyuka suna da alaka da juna kuma suna rarrabe su ne kawai domin bincike da kuma tsarin gwajin gwaji.
Matakan bincike na tsarin sadarwa
Malamin kwaminisanci na Soviet Boris Lomov, a cikin karni na karshe, ya gano matakan guda uku na bincike game da tsarin maganganun magana, wanda har yanzu ana amfani dashi a cikin ilimin kimiyya:
- macrolevel. Nazarin wannan matakin yana nuna wani bincike game da ci gaban halayyar mutum, a kan wasu lokutan lokaci. Abinda ke tsakanin mutum da wasu mutane da kungiyoyin zamantakewa ana binciken.
- matakin mesa. A wannan matakin, ana kallon hanyar sadarwa ta yadda za a kammala cikakkiyar yanayin hulɗa, wanda zai iya canzawa, da kuma wanda mutum ya sami kansa a wasu lokutan lokaci. Anyi amfani da muhimmancin yin nazarin matakin mesa a kan tasirin, matakan, magana da ma'anar sadarwa, da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin da tsarin sadarwa ke gudana ("don me yasa", "me yasa", da sauransu);
- Ma'anar ƙirar tana nufin ƙaddamar da ɓangarorin sadarwa na farko, an ɗauka a matsayin wani haɗuwa da ayyukan halayyar ("amsa tambayoyin", da kuma halin halayen keɓaɓɓen bayanin da aka samu).
Wanda ya kirkiro ilimin tunani na zaman lafiya B. Parygin yayi la'akari da tsarin sadarwa kamar dangantaka tsakanin bangarorin biyu: ma'ana (sadarwar kai tsaye) da kuma m (hulɗa da abun ciki da kuma tsari).
Wani malamiyyar Soviet A. Bodalev ya bambanta manyan abubuwa uku daga cikin nau'o'i da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa:
- Gnostic. Wannan yana nufin alamar sadarwa;
- shafi - wani abu na tunanin;
- m - wani abu mai aiki.
Sadarwa, a matsayin tsari na canja wurin bayanai da kuma tsangwama ga batutuwa na sadarwa, za a iya kwatanta abubuwan da suka dace:
- manufa;
- abun ciki;
- Hanyar sadarwa;
- masu shiga cikin hanyar sadarwa;
- nau'in sadarwa tsakanin batutuwa na sadarwa;
- haɓakar sadarwa ta mahalarta a cikin hanyar sadarwa;
- jinsi na sadarwa;
- style da dabarun sadarwa;
- ƙarshen sakamakon sadarwa.
Don irin wannan rabuwa da tsarin sadarwa, yana da muhimmanci a kula da muhimmancin yanayin da aka fahimta:
A ƙarshe, ya kamata a lura da cewa hanyar sadarwa ta cika tare da haɗuwa haɗuwa da abubuwa biyu masu dangantaka: na waje (halin kwaikwayon), bayyanar a aikace-aikacen sadarwa na masu sadarwa, da maɓallin hali da na ciki (darajar siffofin batun sadarwa), wanda aka bayyana ta sakonni da kuma alamun ba na magana ba.