Manufar oligopoly ta fito ne daga kalmomin Helenanci, wanda ke nufin "dama" da "sayar" a cikin fassarar. Irin wannan tattalin arzikin kasuwannin ya shafi kullin gwagwarmaya. Yawancin kamfanoni ne mamaye. Masu ra'ayin Oligopolists ma sun kasance masu fafatawa da kuma abokan hulɗa.
Oligopoly - mece ce?
Wasu masu yawan masana'antu na masana'antu suna da hankalinsu da kuma la'akari da ayyukan da sauran mahalarta ke shiga. Oligopoly wani nau'i ne na tattalin arzikin kasuwancin da manyan kamfanoni suka samar da sayar da samfurin. Wannan aikin samarwa yana da ma'anar "kasuwa na 'yan kaɗan." Tsarin oligopoly sau da yawa ya ƙunshi masu aiki 3-10, wanda ya cika yawan buƙatun a kasuwa. Ana haifar da sababbin kamfanoni na da wuyar gaske ko rashin yiwuwa.
Bambanci tsakanin hukunci da oligopoly
A wa] ansu masana'antu, aikin na kamfanin guda daya ya fi tasiri. Harkokin tattalin arziki ya nuna ma'auni wanda ya ƙayyade yawan ci gaban. Irin wannan kamfani ne mai kayatarwa kuma ya zama mai sayarwa kawai a kasuwa tallace-tallace. Oligopoly yana cikin samar da kayayyaki daga masu yawa. Za su iya samar da samfurori daban-daban.
Kayayyakin jari da oligopoly suna da kasuwar kansu. Kasashen duniya sun samar da samfurori na musamman. Kasancewa ne kawai mai sana'a, za su iya ƙyale saita farashin mai girma. Masu ra'ayin Oligopolists suna dogara ne ga masu fafatawa, wannan batu yana da hankali kuma yana da wuya a sake duba farashin. Tambayar samfurori mai rahusa ƙayyade gabatar da fasahar ci gaba.
Dalili don wanzuwar oligopoly
Harkokin tattalin arziki na ƙasashe da dama suna halin da ake samarwa da sayar da kayan kasuwancin kasuwa, wanda yawancin kamfanoni ke gudanar. Kowannensu yana rinjayar farashin kasuwar ta hanyar ayyukansa, wanda ke ƙayyade ainihin oligopoly. Matsayi mafi rinjaye a yawancin masana'antu yana da masu yawa masu yawa. Ana kiran Oligopoly a cikin kasuwa na kasuwa a irin waɗannan lokuta "Big Six". Suna da jagoranci na samar da sayar da motocin, karfe, kayan lantarki. Daga cikin manyan dalilai na wanzuwar oligopoly sune:
- samfurori na samfurori - buƙatar abokan ciniki ya wuce fasaha na fasaha na samar da kamfani ɗaya;
- al'amurran kuɗi - kudade don ingantaccen samfur;
- ƙuntatawa ga haɗuwa da kamfanoni masu tasowa - sarrafawa da kayan aiki na musamman, da hakkin yin rajistar patent.
Alamun oligopoly
Kamfanoni masu yawa suna yin gasa a tsakanin kansu a kasuwa na kasuwa. Hanyoyi na al'ada suna iyakance shigar da sababbin kamfanoni. Babban mahimmanci shine babban kasuwa mai yawa wanda ake buƙata don samar da manyan samfurori. Ƙananan kamfanoni a kasuwa ba su ƙyale tada gasar ta hanyar rage yawan farashin, wanda hakan yana rinjayar riba. Saboda haka, ana amfani da hanyoyi mafi mahimmanci na fada don gasar - wannan shine inganci, ƙwarewar fasaha, lokutan garanti don samfurin, alamun biya.
Bisa ga waɗannan binciken, zamu iya gane ainihin siffofin oligopoly:
- ƙananan kamfanoni suna samar da duk abokan ciniki;
- wata babbar matsala ga shigar da sababbin kamfanonin zuwa kasuwar tallace-tallace;
- haɗin gwiwar kamfanoni a wata masana'antu, da iyakancewar farashi da kuma girma na samarwa.
Oligopoly - da ribobi da fursunoni
Kowace tsari na kasuwa yana da siffofi masu kyau da maɓallin. Disadvantages na oligopoly kayyade:
- rikice-rikice na wakilai na kamfanin, lamarin da ya shafi farashi da kuma amfani;
- farashin ka'idojin antimonopoly;
- yiwuwa stagnation na kayayyakin.
Amfanin oligopoly an bayyana su a cikin wadannan:
- ba farashin kima ba;
- Kyakkyawan ingancin kaya - saboda tsoron gasar, masana'antun suna ba da hankali sosai;
- samuwa game da samfurin saboda tallafin tallace-tallace.
Irin oligopoly
Oligopoly ya hada da manyan kamfanoni. Suna wakiltar dukan masana'antu a kasuwar tallace-tallace. Akwai daban-daban na oligopoly, daga cikinsu akwai waɗannan:
- hade - samfurori na samfurori sun samo asali daga wasu kamfanonin da dama, ba a rarrabe su ta hanyar sa, iri, iri (barasa, ciminti, sugar);
- bambanta - kamfanoni suna samar da kayayyaki na masana'antun daya, amma tare da nau'o'in iri, iri, kayayyaki (abubuwan sha, motoci, kayan taba);
- asiri - yarjejeniyar tsakanin shugabannin kamfanoni a kan rarraba hanyoyin don samar da albarkatun kasa don samun riba mai girma;
- dominance - babban mai samarwa yana da kashi 70% na kasuwa, sauran kamfanoni suna shagaltar da su;
- duopoly - masana'antun biyu sun samar da kayayyakin zuwa kasuwa.
Karkatawar sirri a kasuwar kasuwancin
Gasar ta kasuwa a kasuwa na iya haifar da rikici na sirri. Wannan yarjejeniya, wanda aka kammala tsakanin kamfanoni na masana'antu ɗaya a kan kafa farashin farashin don samfurori da samar da ƙararrawa. A irin waɗannan yanayi, madaidaicin ya daidaita farashin lokacin da aka saukar da su ko ƙara. Kamfanonin da ke samar da samfurori iri iri suna da nauyin daidai. A irin waɗannan lokuta, manufar oligopoly ya zama ba daidai ba, kamfanin yana nuna dabi'a. Wannan yarjejeniyar an dauke haramcin a yawancin masana'antu.
Misalan oligopoly a duniya
Harkokin oligopolistic sun hada da masu yawa masu sana'a. Misalai na iya zama kyauta na giya giya, kwakwalwa, karfe. A Rasha dukkan kudade suna sarrafawa daga manyan manyan bankuna guda shida. Sauran misalan oligopoly sun haɗa da samar da motoci, daga cikinsu akwai shahararren motocin "BMW" da "Mercedes", jirgin saman fasinja "Boeing", "Airbus".
Oligopoly a Amurka ya raba kasuwar kasuwar manyan kamfanonin manyan kamfanoni guda hudu, da kuma aikin jirgin sama da kuma samar da kayan aikin aluminum. Kamfanoni biyar sun raba 90% na samar da kayan wanka, masu firiji, sigari da giya. A Jamus da Ingila, kashi 94 cikin dari na masana'antun taba suna samar da kamfanoni 3. A kasar Faransa, kashi 100 cikin dari na duk sigari da firiji a hannun manyan kamfanoni uku.
Sakamakon oligopoly
Halin rashin kirki game da sakamakon oligopoly a cikin tattalin arzikin ya kasance ba daidai ba. A cikin zamani na zamani, mutane da yawa suna so su karbi kudi a kan talakawa, wanda zai haifar da amana ga duk masu samun kudin shiga. Amma ƙaddamar da samar da manyan samfurori a cikin masana'antu guda daya wajibi ne don bunkasa tattalin arzikin. Wannan shi ne saboda babban aiki, wanda ke rinjayar halin kaka. Ga kananan kamfanonin, ba su da dindindin.
Girman kayan aiki, wanda ke samar da babban kundin, yana adanawa akan sababbin fasaha. Idan kuna lissafin ci gaba da sababbin maganin, za ku sami adadi mai ban sha'awa - dala miliyan 610. Amma farashin ya wuce zuwa shekarun da za a gabatar da shi cikin samarwa. Za a iya haɗa farashi a cikin kuɗin, wanda ba zai shafi rinjayarsa ba. Oligopoly a cikin tattalin arziki wani abu mai karfi ne a ci gaba da cigaban kimiyya da fasaha, wanda dole ne a ba shi hanya mai kyau. Sakamakon oligopoly yana da tasirin gaske akan karuwa a sikelin da kuma fadada samarwa.
Oligopoly littattafai
Sabon tallace-tallace suna nunawa a kan kasuwa. Babban riba yana jan hankalin masu fafatawa. Sun shawo kan shinge kuma sun shiga masana'antu. Sarrafa kasuwancin oligopoly ya zama da wuya tare da lokaci. Yin amfani da sababbin fasahar, ajiye ƙarawa, akwai matakai ga wasu samfurori. Masu sana'a sukan fuskanci matsala na wani gajeren lokaci ko tsawo na karuwar riba. Farashin da ke kusa da kamfanoni masu kayatarwa, ƙãra yawan kudaden shiga, amma a tsawon lokaci, abin da ake samu a kasuwa yana karuwa. Wadannan matsaloli suna nunawa cikin littattafai:
- "Ka'idojin ilmin lissafi na ka'idar arziki" Cournot Augustin (1838). A cikin wannan littafi, masanin tattalin arziki na Faransa ya nuna bincikensa game da matsalolin da ke tattare da batun farashi a kasuwar kasuwa a kasuwa.
- "Tattalin Arziki a cikin 'yanci" Mark Blaug. Shahararren na huɗu na littafin an gane shi ne kawai daga cikin irinsa a tarihi na tunanin tattalin arziki.
- "Masanan tattalin arziki goma daga Marx zuwa Keynes" Joseph Schumpeter. Littafin ba kawai ba ne kawai a matsayin kayan aikin likitoci, amma kuma ana iya ganewa ta hanyar yawan masu karatu.