Psychoanalysis - menene shi, babban tanadi da hanyoyin

Psychoanalysis a matsayin hanya na psychotherapy samo asali a Turai a ƙarshen XIX karni. kuma tun daga farko an hure shi ne mai tsanani ga masu zaman kansu na Z. Freud, saboda yawancin bayanan da mutum ke ciki ga masu fashi: Eros (Life) da Thanatos (mutuwa), amma akwai mabiyan da daliban da suka gano psychoanalysis daga bangarorin daban daban.

Menene psychoanalysis?

Wanda ya kafa psychoanalysis - wannan tambayar ne kawai ya nemi mutane daga nesa daga ilimin kimiyya. Wanda ya kafa psychoanalysis shine Zaria Freud, mai zaman kansa Austrian wanda ya kasance mai fasaha na zamani. Psychoanalysis (Jamus Psychoanalyse, Helenanci psyche - ruhu, bincike - bayani) wata hanya ce ta zalunta marasa lafiya da nakasa ( ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta , sanyaya). Manufar wannan hanya ita ce ta hanyar maganganu, tunani da mafarkai, waɗanda ma'anar su ke fassarawa.

Psychoanalysis a Kimiyya

A lokacin kwanakin psychoanalysis (XIX - farkon karni na XX) farfadowa ya dade shekaru da yawa kuma bai kasance mai araha ba ga kowa da kowa, halin psychoanalysis na yau da kullum yana da gajere (15 zuwa 30 zaman 1 - 2 rubles a mako daya) hanya. A baya, ana amfani da psychoanalysis ne kawai a cikin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya (kula da hankali na psychiatric) don kula da kwayoyin halitta, a yau tare da taimakon wannan hanya yana yiwuwa a yi aiki tare da matsalolin matsalolin daban-daban.

Asali na asali na psychoanalysis:

halayen mutum yana dogara ne akan rashin aiki maras kyau, sau da yawa yana samo asali ne a wani wuri na ci gaban (yanayin ƙaddarar yara);
sanarwa game da waɗannan kullun yana haifar da kariya ga tsarin juriya;
rikice-rikice a tsakanin mai hankali da abin da aka shafe cikin abu marar kuskure yana haifar da gaɓocin zuciya, rashin ciki;
Sanin abin da ke faruwa a cikin rashin sani, tare da taimakon mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, ya kori mai haƙuri daga tasirin abin da ba a sani ba kuma yana kaiwa ga farfadowa.

Freud ta psychoanalysis

A sakamakon shekarun shekaru masu kula da marasa lafiya, Freud ya lura da yadda yawancin da aka yi masa ba shi da tasiri game da halin tunanin mutum, halin mutum. Freud ya ci gaba a 1932 wani tsarin tsari na psyche, mai suna singling fitar da shi da wadannan aka gyara:

Id (shi) shi ne yanki na kullun kullun zuwa rayuwa da mutuwa.
Ma'anar (I) - tunani mai hankali, ci gaban hanyoyin karewa).
Superego (Super-Kai) wani fili ne na gabatarwa, kwarewar dabi'a (farawa tsarin tsarin iyaye).

Hanyar Freud ta hanyar psychoanalysis a mataki na farko ya kunshi yin amfani da hypnosis domin ya gano abubuwan da ba a san su ba, daga bisani malamin likita ya watsar da su kuma ya bunkasa wasu sunyi amfani da shi a halin yanzu na psychoanalysis:

bincike game da halayyar halayyar ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin marasa lafiya na marasa lafiya;
fassarar;
bincike na "juriya" da "canja wurin";
binciken.

Jung's Psychoanalysis

Jungian psychoanalysis ko nazarin fahimtar juna Jung (wani mashahurin da ya fi son Z. Freud, wanda ya samu raunin da ya faru saboda ra'ayoyinsa kan ilimin psychoanalysis) ya dogara ne akan waɗannan ka'idodin:

Mutumin da ba shi da hankali a cikin al'ada ta al'ada ya kasance a ma'auni.
Matsaloli sun fito ne daga rashin daidaituwa, wannan yana haifar da fitowar kamfanonin da ke dauke da mummunar cajin abin da ke cikin zuciya, abin da psyche ke motsawa cikin rashin sani.
Kowane mutum - hanyar aiwatar da halayyar mai haƙuri game da bambancinsa da kuma mutum (yana inganta warkarwa), "hanya zuwa kansa," ana aiwatar da shi tare da taimakon mai kwakwalwa.

Bayanan psychoanalysis

Jacques Lacan wani ɗan kwakwalwa ne na Faransa, wani nau'i mai mahimmanci a psychoanalysis. Lacan ya kira kansa Freudian ya kuma jaddada cewa ba a bayyana cikakken koyarwar Freud ba kuma yana da mahimmanci a sake karanta littattafansa domin ya fahimci ra'ayinsa. Lacan ya fi so ya koyar da ilimin psychoanalysis a cikin bita, a taron. Tsarin "Mafarki - Alamar" Real "Lacan yayi la'akari da asali:

ƙididdiga - nuna kai tsaye ga mutum (mataki na madubi);
alamomi - bambance-bambance, da kuma wayar da kan jama'a a gefe ɗaya na siffar Sauran, dauke da alamar;
Gaskiya - Lacan ya yi imani cewa gamuwa da ainihin zai yiwu ta hanyar rauni.

Dandalin psychoanalysis

Harshen psychoanalysis na gargajiya - mahimman ra'ayoyi sun kasance ƙarƙashin furofesa na Faransanci da marubuta J.P. Sartre, wanda ya kafa ma'anar ilimin psychoanalysis da kuma Freudian libido ya maye gurbinsu da zabi na farko. Ma'anar ma'anar wanzuwar mahimmanci shine cewa mutum yana da mutunci, tare da ma'anar wasu, a kowane lokaci yana zaɓar kansa a game da zama. Zaɓan - wannan shine ainihin hali. Fate na tasowa daga za ~ en.

Hanyar psychoanalysis

Rashin lafiyar zamani ya sami canje-canje a cikin kula da marasa lafiya, da magungunan hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da shi, amma ana amfani da hanyoyin da aka saba amfani dashi:

Hanyar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Mai haƙuri yana kwance a kan gado da kuma murya duk tunanin da ya zo cikin tunani.
Hanyar fassarar mafarkai. Z. Freud ya fi so hanyar, game da abin da ya ce mafarki ne hanya na sarki zuwa maras sani.
Hanyar fassarar. Wannan dabarar ta ba ka damar kawo matakan da ba a sani ba ga matakin kulawa. Mai haƙuri (shahararren) ya ce, da kuma nazarin kwakwalwa na psychoanalyst ya kuma fassara ma'anar, wanda aka tabbatar da shi, kuma duk abubuwan da suka shafi ma'ana suna tunawa, ko kuma marasa lafiya sun karɓa.

Harshen hankali na psychoanalysis

Harkokin tunanin kirkancin kothodox na mutum ko Freudianism na dogara ne akan ƙididdiga na Z. Freud. A halin yanzu, an yi amfani da shi a cikin tsabta a farfadowa, akasarin haka shi ne neo-Freudianism - kira na fasaha na hanyoyi daban-daban. Makasudin tunanin psychoanalysis shine magance rikice-rikice na cikin gida, ƙwayoyin da aka kafa a farkon lokacin. Hanyar hanyar Freudianism ita ce gudummawar ƙungiyoyin kyauta:

Ana ba da haquri ba tare da yin amfani da hankali don fadin duk abin da ya zo a zuciyarsa ba, har ma da abubuwan da suke kunya;
mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ya ƙaddara abubuwan da ba'a saninsu ba, kuma ta hanyar fahimta ya kawo ma'anar gaske ga mai haƙuri.

Ƙungiyar psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis a cikin rukunin wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci ta hanyar yin amfani da hanyoyi na psychoanalytic. Ƙungiyar psychotherapy na rukuni na taimaka wa:

ci gaba da nuna tausayawa ta hanyar jin dadi ga sauran mambobin kungiyar, tare da raunin ciwo da cututtuka;
tunani waraka;
yarda da mutum da kansa.

Ƙungiyar psychoanalysis ta rukuni - ra'ayin da aka gabatar da ita a cikin 1925. Tambaya a cikin zamani na zamani shine tarurruka guda ɗaya a mako domin 1.5 - 2 hours. Manufofin ƙungiyoyin bincike:

žiržirar wuri mai natsuwa ga mambobi na rukuni, inda zaku iya magana akan raɗaɗɗi;
Ƙididdigar ɓoye na ainihi rinjaye;
ta hanyar zurfin sadarwa da ƙuduri na rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice na ciki.

System-vector psychoanalysis

Harkokin na yau da kullum na mutum yana karban canje-canje tare da lokaci. Soviet psychologist V.A. Ganzen ta tasowa matasan da aka sani, a kan abin da ɗalibansa VK Tolkachev yana tasowa 8 nau'i na nau'i na psyche. Zuwa kwanan wata, a cikin wannan tafarkin aikin J. Burlan. Komawa daga tsarin kwakwalwa na kwayoyin halitta, kowanne mutum yana da rinjaye, ɗaya daga cikin shafuka 8:

muscular;
murya;
anal;
na gani;
Gudanarwa;
lalata;
sauti;
urethral.

Littattafai akan Psychoanalysis

Nazarin fasaha da fasaha na psychoanalytic ba zai yiwu bane ba tare da karanta littattafai masu dacewa ba. Litattafai mafi kyau a kan psychoanalysis:

"Harshen tunanin mutumtaka " E. Daga. Wani tarihin da likitancin Jamus ya tattara zai kasance da sha'awa ga ɗaliban jami'o'in jin dadin rayuwa da ke nazarin ilimin psychoanalysis. E. Daga daga cikin wadanda suka sake yin la'akari da irin abubuwan da aka sani a cikin psychoanalysis kamar yadda Electra da Oedipus suke da shi, hadaddun maƙasudin zuciya, dalilai na kullun motsa jiki.
" Asusun kudi da kuma hanyoyin kare tsaro " A. Freud. Littafin shi ne 'yar sanannen dan jarida, wanda ya ci gaba da aikin mahaifinsa a yanayin yarinyar yaro. Labarin ya bayyana wani sabon tsari a cikin bayyanar abin da ya faru a ciki.
" Archetype and Symbol " by K.G. Jung. A cikin kowane mutum, ba a ɓoye abubuwan da ba a sani ba sune: Mutum, Anima da Animus, Shadow, Kai da Ego.
" Gudun tare da warketai " Mace mai ban dariya a cikin labaru da labaru. KP. Estes. Hanyar Psychoanalytic, bisa la'akari da tarihin wasan kwaikwayo. Marubucin ya ba da shawara cewa mata suna duban ciki kuma suna gano irin wannan halitta, daji da kuma rashin ƙarfi wanda aka manta.
" Liar a kan gado " na I. Yal. Wani ɗan kwakwalwa mai kwakwalwa yana iya cin nasara a aikin masana marubutan. Abubuwa masu tausayi da ban mamaki da aka dauka daga aikin kansu - mai karatu yana ganin cewa mahalartaccen mutum ne da matsalolinsa.

Movies game da psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis - batun da yake sha'awa ga masu jagoranci da yawa da kuma wadanda suke so su fahimci fina-finai na tunanin mutum suna da sha'awa sosai, sau da yawa bayan kallon wannan fina-finai, akwai abubuwan da zasu iya taimakawa wajen warware matsalar. Films game da psychoanalysis, ya cancanci kulawa:

"Dan ɗakin / La stanza del figlio" . The Italian psychoanalyst Giovanni yana da kome da kome a rayuwa, yana da bukatar a cikin sana'a, amma a masifa ta auku - an kashe ɗan da kuma Giovanni yana ƙoƙarin gano ma'anar.
«Psychoanalyst / shrink» . Henry Carter ya kasance mai cin nasara, wanda ya kasance a cikin jerin jirage masu daraja, amma a cikin rayuwarsa ba kome ba ne mai santsi. Matar Henry ta ƙare ta kashe kansa, kuma dan jaririn ya fahimci cewa ba zai iya taimaka wa marasa lafiya ba.
"Hanyar Mutuwar . " Rubutun fim din yana dogara ne akan hakikanin gaskiya da rikice-rikicen tsakanin Z. Freud, ɗan jaririn K. Jung da mai haƙuri Sabina Spielrein.
"Marasa lafiya / A Jiyya" . Jerin, kowane jerin da yake zama zaman zaman lafiya, tare da yin amfani da fasaha da dama da ke tattare da su a tsakanin su. Fim ɗin zai kasance da amfani ga masu ilimin kimiyya da kuma mutanen da ke sha'awar ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa.
"Lokacin da Nietzsche ya yi kuka . " Fim din game da samuwar psychoanalysis a Turai, ya dogara ne akan littafin da ya shahara Irvine Yalom dan kasar Hungary.