Gnoseology - ka'idodi da kuma mahimmanci na maganganun zamani

Bugu da ƙari, sha'awar samun ilimi ya kasance daya daga cikin muhimman halaye da ake bukata don ci gaban mutum . Saboda haka, tushe na nazarin halittu - jagorancin falsafanci wanda aka haife shi a cikin hanyar cognition - an kafa shi a cikin tsufa. Saboda haka, yawancin shekarunsa yana da matsala.

Mene ne gnoseology?

Domin samun ra'ayi na wannan sashe, wanda zai iya fahimtar asalin lokacin da kanta. An samo shi ne daga harsunan Girka guda biyu: gnoseo - "san" da alamu - "kalma, magana." Ya bayyana cewa ilimin kimiyya shine kimiyyar cognition, wato, yana da sha'awar hanyoyin da mutum yake samun bayanai, hanyar jahilci zuwa haske, tushen tushen ilimi da kuma aikace-aikace a lokuta da aka bincike.

Epistemology a Falsafa

Da farko, nazarin samun bayanai a matsayin sabon abu ya kasance wani ɓangare na bincike na falsafa, daga bisani ya zama rabaccen sashi. Gnoseology a falsafar wani sashen ne wanda ke nazarin iyakokin fahimtar mutum. An haɗa shi da babban reshe tun lokacin da aka fara. Da zarar mutane suka gano wani sabon aiki na ruhaniya, akwai shakka game da tabbaci na amincin ilimin da aka samu, bambancin bayanan wuri da ma'anar zurfin ya fara.

Ba a kafa ka'idar nazarin halittu nan da nan ba, yana yiwuwa a gano bayanansa a cikin falsafancin zamani. Bayan haka akwai siffofin da nau'o'in binciken, an gudanar da bincike game da shaidar ilimin da kuma tambayoyin samun ilimi na gaskiya, wanda ya zama farkon skepticism - wata hanya mai tsabta, an yi la'akari. A tsakiyar zamanai, dangane da sayen dabi'ar addini ta kallon duniyar, ilimin lissafi ya fara adawa da ikon ikon tunani ga ayoyin Allah. Dangane da muhimmancin aiki a wannan lokacin, horo ya ci gaba sosai.

A kan tushe da aka kafa a sabon lokaci, akwai canje-canje a cikin falsafar, wanda ya kawo matsala ga cognition. An kirkiro irin wannan kimiyya, wanda a 1832 za a kira epistemology. Irin wannan matsala ta yiwu ne saboda tunanin mutum a matsayinsa a duniya, sai ya daina zama abin wasa a hannun manyan sojojin, ya sami nufinsa da alhakinsa.

Matsaloli na nazarin halittu

Tarihin ilimin horo da makarantu daban-daban suna buɗe wasu tambayoyi da suke buƙatar amsawa. Babban matsalolin epistemology, na kowa zuwa ga dukkan wurare, kamar haka.

  1. Dalilin cognition . Yana nufin gano abubuwan da ake bukata don gano bayani game da abin da ke faruwa. An yi imanin cewa sun kasance a cikin bukatar buƙatar abubuwan da zasu faru a nan gaba tare da babban ƙwarewar tsarin, ba tare da wannan amsa ba za'a jinkirta amsawa ga sababbin ayyuka.
  2. Yanayi don samun ilimi . Sun hada da abubuwa uku: yanayin, mutum, da kuma nau'i na kwatancin gaskiya a sanarwa.
  3. Binciken tushen ilimi . Nazarin ilimin kimiyya yayi nazari akan wannan matsala tare da taimakon wasu matsalolin da dole ne su samar da ra'ayi game da mabuɗin bayanan farko, abu na cognition.

Epistemology - Dabbobi

Yayinda yake inganta tunanin tunanin falsafar, an gano manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa a fannin nazarin halittu.

  1. Naira gaskiya . Gaskiyar gaskiyar ita ce gabobin jiki, babu bambanci tsakanin fahimtar mutum da ainihin halin abubuwa a nan.
  2. Sensualism . Yana buƙatar sani ne kawai bisa ga hankulan su, idan basu kasance ba, to, bayanan ba a bayyana ba, domin mutum yana dogara ne kawai a kan hankulan, kuma baya bayan su babu duniya.
  3. Rationalism . Ba za a iya samun ilimi na gaskiya ba tare da taimakon hankali ba tare da la'akari da bayanan da wasu hanyoyi suke ba , wanda zai jawo gaskiya.
  4. Skepticism . Yana shakku a kowane bangare na ilmi, yana buƙatar kada ya yarda da ra'ayi na hukumomi, har sai an yi shi ne.
  5. Agnosticism . Yana magana game da rashin yiwuwar fahimtar duniyar duniyar - dukkanin hankali da tunani suna ba da ilimin ilimin da basu isa ba don samun cikakken hoto.
  6. Zuciyar fahimta . Ya yi imanin yiwuwar samun cikakken ilimin duniya.

Kwafawar zamani

Kimiyya ba zai iya zama tsaka-tsakin ba, yana da tasiri akan tsarin ci gaba ta hanyar tasiri na wasu fannoni. A halin yanzu, ainihin ma'anar epistemology suna da tsammanin zuciya, rashin shakka da agnosticism, waɗanda ake la'akari da su a tsakanin tsinkayen da dama. Bugu da ƙari, ilimin falsafanci, ilimin halayyar hankali, hanyoyi, masana kimiyya, tarihin kimiyya da tunani an haɗa su a nan. Ana tsammanin irin wannan kira na hanyoyin zai taimaka wajen fahimtar matsalar da zurfi sosai, ta guje wa nazari marar iyaka.

Epistemology: littattafai

  1. S.A. Askoldov, "Epistemology. Articles » . Ka'idodin ka'idar nazarin halittu, daidai da manufar panpsychism wanda AA Kozlov ya tsara, an tsara su. Marubucin littattafan ya ci gaba da ci gaba.
  2. Mista Polani, "Ilimin Jiki" . Yana da hankali ga nazarin ilimin ilmantarwa dangane da ilimin falsafanci da kuma ilimin kimiyya na cognition.
  3. L.A. Mikeshina, "falsafar ilimi. Ƙididdigar ƙira . " Yayyana al'amurran da suka rage ga mai ƙonewa ko masu rikici.